William Cecil and Episcopacy, 1559-1577

The figure of William Cecil dominates the court of Elizabeth I, and next to the queen herself, no one did more to shape the political, religious and economic landscape of late 16th-century England. Nowhere is this influence more evident than in the ecclesiastical settlements that Elizabeth imposed on a country wracked by religious divisions and uncertainty. At the very heart of this settlement lay the question of the role of the bishops, and it is to this problem that Cecil was to devote much time and energy. Broadening our understanding of the Elizabethan Church, this study utilizes a number of hitherto underused primary sources to re-examine the vexed issue of the role of bishops. It addresses the question of why certain men were appointed bishops whilst others, often seemingly better qualified, were passed over. Taking a broadly chronological approach, this book argues that Cecil, a committed Protestant, hoped to remodel espiscopacy along "reformed" continental lines. Rather than great princes of the church, Cecil envisaged "superintendents" shorn of much of their traditional temporal power and wealth. Charting the first two decades of Elizabeth's reign, it is shown how Cecil tried to convince the queen to abandon the established economic foundations of "prelacy" in favour of a properly funded superintendency. In this he failed. Yet as long as Cecil remained a dominating voice at the council table the Church of England, through the mediation of a bench of conscientious and hard-working (if often hard-pressed) bishops, was assured of a broad base and an evangelical future. The remainder of Cecil's career, from 1577 to 1598, is dealt with in a subsequent volume, "Lord Burghley and Episcopacy".