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While ancient Greek city-states recognised work as an ethical requirement, their cohesion was also predicated on an ideal of individual and collective tranquillity (hèsychia) whose development this book traces up to Pindar’s eighth Pythian [ode] (the text of which is included, along with a translation, a historic commentary and an interpretation).In Athenian democracy, this hesychian ideal subsisted, but in the new form of apragmosynè or (“refusal to engage in business”), it began to conflict with the need to directly participate in the city-state. Numerous 5th- and 6th-century BC texts (notably in the works of Euripides, Aristophanes, Thucydides and Plato) can only be fully understood in this context.Fourth-century Greek thinkers and philosophers (mainly Plato, Xenophon, Isocrates and Aristotle) recomposed this past in order to construct both an active and tranquil “leisure” (scholè) ideology whose genesis is examined in the third part of this book, as well as its theoretical and historic implications, even as Demosthenes struggled to maintain his status within the heart of Athenian democracy.